Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing: Basic Principles and India’s National Mission

GS Paper 3 – Science & Technology

Quantum Computing represents a paradigm shift in computation, leveraging principles of quantum mechanics to solve problems that are practically impossible for classical computers. With countries across the world investing heavily in this frontier technology, India has also launched a National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications (NM-QTA) to build indigenous capabilities.

For UPSC aspirants, quantum computing is important due to its relevance in emerging technologies, national security, economic competitiveness, and technological self-reliance.

What is Quantum Computing?

Quantum Computing is a type of computation that uses the principles of quantum mechanics—such as superposition and entanglement—to process information.

Unlike classical computers that use bits (0 or 1), quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously.

Key Concepts in Quantum Computing

1. Qubit

A qubit is the basic unit of quantum information.
It can exist as:

• 0
• 1
• Both 0 and 1 at the same time (superposition)

2. Superposition

Superposition allows a qubit to exist in multiple states simultaneously, enabling quantum computers to process many possibilities at once.

3. Entanglement

Entanglement is a phenomenon where two or more qubits become linked such that the state of one instantly affects the other, even over large distances.

4. Quantum Interference

Quantum interference is used to amplify correct solutions and cancel out incorrect ones during computation.

How Quantum Computers Differ from Classical Computers

Applications of Quantum Computing

1. Cryptography and Cybersecurity

Quantum computers can:

• Break traditional encryption algorithms
• Enable quantum cryptography and secure communication

This has major implications for national security and defence.

2. Drug Discovery and Healthcare

Quantum computing can:

• Simulate molecular interactions
• Accelerate drug development
• Improve precision medicine

3. Climate Modelling and Weather Forecasting

Quantum systems can:

• Improve climate simulations
• Enhance disaster prediction accuracy

4. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Quantum algorithms can:

• Speed up pattern recognition
• Optimize large datasets
• Improve AI training efficiency

5. Optimization Problems

Used in:

• Logistics and supply chain management
• Traffic systems
• Financial portfolio optimization

Challenges in Quantum Computing

• High error rates (quantum decoherence)
• Need for extremely low temperatures
• High cost of infrastructure
• Lack of skilled manpower

These challenges make government support and long-term investment essential.

India’s National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications (NM-QTA)

Launch and Objective

India launched the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications to develop:

• Quantum computing
• Quantum communication
• Quantum sensing
• Quantum materials

The mission aims to position India among the global leaders in quantum technology.

Key Focus Areas of NM-QTA

• Development of quantum computers with indigenous hardware
• Secure quantum communication networks
• Quantum-enabled sensors for strategic sectors
• Capacity building and skill development
• Collaboration between academia, industry, and government

Strategic Importance for India

Quantum technology supports:

• Atmanirbhar Bharat
• Strategic autonomy
• Advanced defence capabilities
• Future-ready digital economy

It also reduces dependence on foreign technology in critical areas.

Global Context and India’s Position

Countries like:

• United States
• China
• European Union

have already made significant investments in quantum research.
India’s mission ensures that the country remains competitive in emerging technologies.

Relevance for UPSC Prelims and Mains

Prelims

• Definitions of qubit, superposition, and entanglement
• Matching applications with sectors
• Government initiatives in quantum technology

Mains (GS 3)

• Role of emerging technologies in economic development
• National Mission on Quantum Technologies
• Challenges and policy support needed

Way Forward

• Strengthening research institutions
• Public–private partnerships
• International collaboration
• Skill development in quantum science
• Ethical and security frameworks

Conclusion

Quantum computing is no longer a theoretical concept—it is a strategic technology of the future. India’s National Mission on Quantum Technologies reflects a proactive approach towards technological self-reliance, innovation, and national security.

For UPSC aspirants, understanding the basic principles, applications, and policy initiatives related to quantum computing is essential for both Prelims and Mains.

FAQs – Quantum Computing

What is a qubit?

A qubit is the basic unit of quantum information that can exist in multiple states simultaneously.

Why is quantum computing important for national security?

It affects encryption, secure communication, and defence technologies.

What is India’s National Mission on Quantum Technologies?

A government initiative to develop indigenous quantum computing and related technologies.

Is quantum computing used commercially today?

It is mostly in experimental and early-stage applications.

Which UPSC paper covers quantum computing?

GS Paper 3 – Science and Technology.